What breed of pigs is profitable to raise on a farm?

Opening your own business and not depending on a stranger is a very tempting idea. An aspiring businessman, thinking about opening his own enterprise, begins to work out a detailed business plan. It should contain items related to the purchase of equipment and raw materials, personnel selection and payback period. One of the profitable types of business is pig farming, since the agricultural industry is the most important sector of the Russian economy. In addition, there is always a demand for quality meat, so even a 100-head pig farm will quickly pay for itself.

The project of a pig farm must be drawn up carefully, taking into account all the details

Why is it worth getting into pig farming?

According to official statistics, Russians consume about 8 million tons of meat per year, of which 2 million tons are pork - which is about a third of the entire meat market.

It is also necessary to remember the trade embargo introduced in Russia in 2014, which resulted in a shortage of commercial meat, most of which was imported pork. Along with this, the government began to support domestic producers as part of the “import substitution” policy. Therefore, farms can count on favorable business conditions.

As for the pig raising business itself, the following advantages can be highlighted:

• short period of raising an animal for slaughter (from six months to 9 months);
• the ability of one sow to bring 10-12 new individuals with a short gestation period of about 3.5 months;
• productivity - the weight of one carcass is about 1 quintal, of which 50-60 kg is meat and about 30 kg lard.

Taking into account all these factors, as well as the average cost of quality pork on the market, we can talk about the potential benefits that a pork business can bring to the owner. Moreover, you can start it in your personal yard, provided it is available.

Landrace

This breed is considered one of the most meat-producing, as well as bacon-producing. The founders of the breed, the Danes, got it by crossing a local pig with a large white one, from which these pigs adopted the color. Appearance: the ears are so long that they hang over the eyes, the head is light, the skin is quite thin and almost devoid of stubble. The dimensions of the Landrace are approximately the same as those of the large white one. Landrace is not only a highly productive, but also a prolific breed - one mother gives birth to 10-12 children. With good fattening, they gain weight at a very high speed.

The breed is very disease-resistant. From these pigs you can get more than 160 kg of clean meat. In addition, Landraces are also bred to improve pigs of other breeds.

The main disadvantage: these pigs are quite capricious in their maintenance and are not as omnivorous as other breeds.

Required documents

Starting any business is inextricably linked with the preparation of documents. It is better to worry about this at the initial stage, so that later you can deal exclusively with the organization of production.

First of all, you need to register your pig farming business. It is best to choose the individual entrepreneur form - since with this form of organization it is easiest to maintain accounting and other reports. OKVED code – 01.23 “Pig breeding”.

To register as an individual entrepreneur you will need:

• application in form P21001;
• photocopies of all pages of the passport, certified by a notary;
• receipt of payment of state duty.

To register as an LLC (limited liability company) you need:

• application in form P11001;
• minutes of the meeting of founders with the decision to create an LLC;
• order on the appointment of a manager;
• company charter;
• government payment receipt duties.

The fee for registering an individual entrepreneur will be 5 times less (800 rubles) than for establishing an LLC (4 thousand rubles).

If you apply for the simplified taxation system (USN), the tax will be only 6%. For such a business it is possible and profitable to pay a single agricultural tax.

Important! If you have a subsidiary farm, you don’t have to register your business activity; the law does not prohibit a farmer from selling surplus product produced for himself. However, if the enterprise is initially planned as a business (we mean a commercial goal), it is better not to take risks.

In addition, you will need the following documents:

• permits from the State Fire Inspectorate, the Sanitary and Epidemiological Station and the Labor Inspectorate;
• resolution of the district or city administration on the possibility of erecting a building for a farm (for this you will need to provide a project for future construction);
• lease agreement or documents confirming ownership of the plot of land where the production will be located;
• license for pork production.

All documentation is completed before opening the pigsty and starting business. In this case, you will be able to avoid fines for illegal activities.

Documents for opening a pig farm

The documentation preparation stage takes a decent amount of time. For a farm of 50 heads, as well as for 100 and 200, you need to prepare:

• registration of a legal entity as an individual entrepreneur or LLC or a farmer’s certificate, if any;
• ready-made business plan for a pig farm;
• administration resolution permitting the construction of agricultural premises;
• lease agreement for agricultural land;
• permission from the sanitary and epidemiological station, state supervision and state labor inspection.

To run a business, you must always monitor reporting deadlines to the tax authorities. For individual entrepreneurs using the simplified system, it is enough to keep a book of income and expenses during the year, and at the end of the year, submit a reporting declaration to the Federal Tax Service, pay insurance premiums to the Social Insurance Fund, Pension Fund.

Site selection and construction of a pig farm

It is not permitted to build a building for keeping pigs in the city, so it is necessary to find a suitable site outside the city limits. It should be large enough to accommodate a pigsty and other buildings necessary for the business, and also be located at a sufficient distance from water sources.

The following characteristics are important when choosing:

• absence of infections in the soil;
• the soil slope must be at least 5% for wastewater drainage;
• breathable soil;
• groundwater depth – 2-3 meters;
• at least 1.5-2 km away from the nearest populated area.

The approximate area of ​​the site for the construction of a pig farm is 3400 m2. It is worth paying attention to the possibility of laying communication routes, as well as the presence of nearby pastures for pigs.

After purchasing the land, it is necessary to begin the construction of a complex for keeping pigs. It is best to entrust the project to specialists, since this is a rather labor-intensive process, which also includes equipping the pigsty accordingly.

Business premises can also be purchased or rented. This will eliminate the need to build primary communications and equip the building. The disadvantage of this method is that usually abandoned Soviet pig farms with a large number (5-10 thousand individuals) of pigs are put up for sale. If there are no plans to expand the business so globally, it would be more logical to build the building from scratch.

The construction takes place under the supervision of representatives of the State Veterinary Supervision Service, who also participate in the reception of the farm. There are requirements for the construction of pig farms:

• There must be sanitary zones inside, no smaller than fire breaks;
• division of the complex into 3 sectors, between which there are sanitary barriers: in one there are places for keeping animals with veterinary stations (the distance between one and the other is at least 50 m), in the second there are outbuildings, in the third there are warehouses for storing roughage, bedding and silage ;
• the presence of bactericidal lamps, air filtration systems and treatment facilities at the place where pigs are kept;
• the presence of a fence around the complex with a height of at least 1.8 m.

You will have to meet the requirements for materials:

• safety for pigs;
• possessing heat-protective properties;
• vapor permeability and ability to accumulate condensate;
• resistance to external influences.

Choose the area of ​​the pigsty based on 10-25 m2 of space for one adult. Inside there should be sectors for farrowing, rearing, fattening and boar. In one sector there can be 5-6 adult pigs or up to 10 sows without cubs at the same time. Keeping same-sex cattle in the same pen is not recommended. The sow and her cubs must be kept separately. It is recommended that all pigs be tagged.

The floor in the pigsty should be filled with concrete so that pigs cannot dig it up, the walls or partitions should be strong so that animals do not break them.

The building should be warm and well lit even in winter.

You also need to purchase transport for transporting animals and the resulting meat, and equip places for storing feed.

Brazier breed

In the 21st century, experts developed a new breed of barbecue pigs, which have a distinctive feature - wool. It is difficult to confuse the Mangal breed with someone else, because their hair is thick with curls like that of a lamb. Thick hair allows the animal to endure severe frosts without problems, and in the summer to escape from annoying insects. Based on color, the grill can be divided into four types:

• black;
• red;
• white;
• mixed.

The black type of barbecue is practically no longer available.

Mangals are on the verge of extinction, there are very few of them left in the world, but the meat of these pigs cannot be compared with anything, it is the most delicious, tender and juicy.

There are many types of meat pigs, each of them has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Many breeds can be easily bred even at home without experience. The meat yield from such breeds is about 80% per carcass. If you have decided to deal with a certain breed of pigs, you should first familiarize yourself with it, and then begin keeping and feeding.

Productivity

The live weight of a pig is up to 200 kilograms, and that of a wild boar is up to 300 kilograms; the largest record weight of a wild boar was as much as 500 kilograms. Marbled meat is of high quality and delicate taste, but they also have lard, the thickness of which is 5 centimeters when the pig is 8 months old, and at 10 months of age the layer of lard reaches as much as 10 centimeters.

Advantages and disadvantages

The Mangal breed of pigs has the following advantages:

• high meat productivity;
• unpretentiousness in feeding, they can eat even the cheapest food;
• simplicity of content;
• resistance to temperature changes;
• precocity.

And now about the disadvantages:

• the breed is rare;
• To purchase it you need to have a lot of money.

Care and maintenance

To roam, these pigs need freedom, and the place where they will graze must be fenced with a strong fence so that dogs and other predatory animals cannot get to them. It is important to determine that there are no poisonous plants in the area, as they love grass and eat it indiscriminately. While walking, they should not be constantly exposed to sunlight, so a canopy should be made.

In addition to grass, pigs can be given vegetables, fruits, and food waste. In the summer they can nibble succulent grass, but in winter it should be replaced with high-quality hay. Newborn piglets begin to be fed on the third day from birth.

Breeding

Raising these pigs is quite difficult, since there are very few barbecues. Pure breed piglets are quite difficult to find, and non-purebred ones, when they grow up, do not have such good qualities in every sense. If you are lucky enough to purchase barbecues, then they can only be harvested when they reach a hundred kilogram weight. A sow can give birth to up to 16 piglets at a time.

Purchasing equipment for a pig farming business

To provide animals with everything necessary for life, you will need:

• Feeders – feeding feed all the time or regularly and in doses.
• Drinkers - you should choose scoop or cup ones and install them near the feeders.
• A ventilation system is necessary to ensure constant air movement and ventilation.
• Manure disposal system. The simplest and cheapest option is a self-alloying system, which you can build on your own.

Which breed to choose for breeding pigs for slaughter

First of all, you need to decide on what exactly the income from the business will be based on. There are 2 options possible:

• raising piglets for slaughter and subsequent sale of meat and lard;
• breeding boars and sows and selling them to farms.

The first is quite simple even for a novice businessman; in the second case, it will be difficult for a person who knows nothing about agriculture to sell a large number of young animals. Therefore, we will take a closer look at the first method of organizing a business.

Young stock for business should be purchased only from trusted and reputable breeders. Choose well-developed, active individuals with dry and clean pale pink skin. Buy pigs a little at a time from different breeders - this will avoid inbreeding of individuals.

Breeds are conventionally divided into three groups depending on the product subsequently obtained:

• meat-fat black: Ukrainian speckled, Novgorod;
• meat-fat white: Breitovskaya, Pietrain, Mangal, Muromskaya, large white;
• meat and bacon: Duroc, Don meat, Vietnamese potbellied, Landrace.

For meat, the most popular are Russian Large White pig and Landrace. Individuals of the Landrace breed already after 6-9 months weigh more than 100-120 kg, despite the fact that young piglets will produce a large amount of high-quality meat and have very little subcutaneous fat. Russian white pigs grow no less quickly, but will bring 3-5% fat, and the amount of meat will decrease by the same percentage.

When purchasing you also need to pay attention to:

• resistance of pigs to diseases;
• breed fertility;
• the ability to live in a given climate.

You need to buy pigs for a breeding business at the rate of 10 sows per 1 male.

Pig farming for beginners

You can start breeding pigs at home, as a business, even with one piglet. You just need to know some rules for raising piglets and create the conditions to get your first income.

Most pigs are not picky about feed. Rules of care can be learned. To get quick results it is important:

• Choose a pig breed that is ideally suited to the climatic conditions of the region;
• Study the technology of raising this breed of animals;
• Think over a project for a small pigsty with a walk;
• Purchasing pigs based on housing capabilities.

The first steps in pig farming will be successful and profitable if you carefully follow the technological requirements.

Sales of finished products

To ensure that selling meat does not cause difficulties, you must take care of obtaining a quality certificate and a positive conclusion from a veterinary examination. To be sure that you will be able to sell the existing product, even at the stage of starting a business, find meat processing enterprises in the region and enter into a contract with them for the supply of products. You can also supply meat directly to stores, or organize your own pavilion or retail outlet.

Remember that in addition to meat and lard, you can also sell skins and manure - this will increase the profit from the pig business.

If possible, you can expand your business and organize a workshop for the production of canned food and semi-finished products to increase your profit.

How much does it cost to build a pig farm: purchasing equipment

For competent and uninterrupted operation of the complex for 100 heads, you need to purchase the following:

• Gazelle for transporting equipment, feed, animals and other household needs. The price of such a car, purchased secondhand, will be about 400,000 rubles;
• Grain crusher. With its help you can save on feed mixtures. The cost of equipment is 50,000 rubles;
• Tractor. It will also be needed for various household needs (transportation of feed and manure). Approximate price – 420,000 rubles;
• Drinkers and feeders. Necessary to ensure that animals are always fed and watered. Price – 250,000 rubles;
• Optional equipment. These are all kinds of shovels, buckets, rakes, pitchforks and other tools. The purchase will cost approximately 110,000 rubles.

Thus, the minimum equipment will cost approximately 1,230,000 rubles.

The cost of equipping the mini-farm will be about 1.2 million rubles. A project for 1000 heads will cost 10 times more

Selection of service personnel

How many employees you need to open a business depends on many factors. For example, it depends on whether you will sell meat, semi-finished products, or sell live animals. Also, the number of staff depends on the level of mechanization of production.

You need to take the selection of employees especially seriously if the owner does not have extensive experience and knowledge in the pork business.

The minimum staff will consist of:

• manager - usually the owner of the business;
• accountant;
• vet;
• pig farmer;
• livestock specialist;
• handyman

Usually, one person is enough for each of the positions, except for pig breeders and general workers. At the initial stage of the business, the owner can also act as an accountant if he has enough knowledge in this area.

How to raise a piglet on bran and water

Bran is a waste product from processing whole grains into flour and is inexpensive. They contain a lot of protein and vitamins, but little energy. Therefore, it is impossible to fatten a pig with bran alone. Wheat and rye bran are added to the daily menu of pigs up to 4 months old, in a proportion of 10 - 15%. Further, the amount of bran can be increased to 30%.

You can increase the nutritional value of bran by panning it. To do this, 1 kg of bran is poured with hot water so that it covers the grain feed. Add baker's or feed yeast in an amount of 5 g. The mass is thoroughly mixed and placed in a warm place for several hours. The bran is mixed several times. The resulting product smells like bread; piglets are fed from 200 g to 500 g per day.

As a result, we can add that fattening piglets on a personal plot is not difficult. Homemade pork is not only tasty, but environmentally friendly.

Breeding Vietnamese piglets is profitable - on video:

Market analysis

The demand for meat does not depend on the time of year and changes in income levels. They buy it every day, even during a crisis. It should be taken into account that among the total meat consumption, the share of chicken and pork together is 76%, of which only about 30% is pork consumption. This means that chicken producers must also be considered competitors.

Thanks to the introduction of the food embargo and government support, this business segment increases by 2-3% annually. According to statistics, pork production in Russia increased by 26% from 2012 to 2016. Economists also predict the possibility of increased demand due to rising prosperity.

All these reasons allow us to consider pig farming one of the most promising areas of agricultural business. However, a drop in demand is also possible under the following conditions:

• opening the country to the import of imported products;
• increase in the cost of pork at retail;
• falling standard of living.

Also evaluate the available pork producers in the region. Evaluate their competitive advantages and think about how you could win against them.

Pig farm for 50 heads

To open a small farm, you will need to complete documentation, select suitable premises and purchase equipment, feed, and livestock. So, it is necessary:

• buy 50 piglets (with an average cost of 3,500 rubles) - 175,000;
• purchase food (800 kg per individual) - 300,000;
• prepare documentation - 25,000.

Place on the building site:

• grain barn - 300,000;
• storage for straw and hay - 150,000;
• equipment shed - 45,000;
• garage - 80,000;
• pigsty - 380,000.

Important: You should also buy a tractor and a truck - the cost of purchasing them will be about 400,000 rubles.

Prices for mini tractors

Mini tractor

Accordingly, the starting investment for opening a pig farm will be 1,785,525 rubles.

In addition to the initial costs, monthly payments must also be taken into account.

Table. Monthly payments

When calculating profits, it should be taken into account that one sow gives birth to an average of 10 piglets per year. Accordingly, with a population of 50 sows per year, you can get 500 fattening piglets. After slaughtering an animal weighing 100 kg, about 60 kg of product is obtained. With the average market value of a kilogram of pork being 200 rubles, it turns out that you can earn 6,000,000 rubles a year solely from selling meat. If the annual costs of maintaining the farm are subtracted from this amount, the profit will be 2,700,000 rubles per year. With such indicators, the enterprise will fully recoup the initial investment within the first 2-3 years of operation.

Advertising campaign

The most important advertisement of a livestock business will be the production of a high-quality product. However, to raise production to a higher level and not lack customers, this may not be enough, especially if there are other competitors in the region.

You can make your name known at agricultural and livestock exhibitions and forums. There is an opportunity not only to demonstrate your products, but also to establish partnerships with other colleagues and exchange experiences.

You can also create an online store with a description of business activities, product prices and a full catalog of goods and services. You can develop a loyalty program for regular customers.

Place advertisements in thematic publications and send mailings to the sales departments of enterprises working with meat products.

Sales of finished products - where to sell live pigs and pork

After everything was set up and a couple of months had passed, I had to face another small problem, it was sales.

At first I tried to sell on the market myself, but since there were already a lot of competitors there, they kicked me out. The first batch, which consisted of 5 pigs, had to be sold to relatives and neighbors.

I began to puzzle over where and how to sell the products. Since rumors about my small farm had already spread throughout the city, pig buyers began to come to me. At first I had to sell the pigs at a very low price, since there was nowhere to go. But one day the director of a private small sausage shop came to me, examined my pigs, and offered to cooperate with him. Of course, I agreed, since I wanted to have a regular client for sales. Now I have started selling small pigs at the same time, because the number has increased.

Enterprise financial plan

Calculations of expenses, profitability and profitability are one of the most important sections that must be in a business plan. This will allow you to understand how much money is needed to start, as well as how long it will take for the business to pay off.

Table of one-time expenses

This article should include all costs incurred at the stage of starting a business:

• construction of the complex (with equipment) – 1.5 – 2 million rubles;
• paperwork – 20 thousand rubles;
• employee salary – 150 thousand rubles;
• purchase of feed for several months in advance - 200 thousand rubles;
• purchase of young animals (50 heads) – 170 thousand rubles;
• advertising – 50 thousand rubles.
• insurance contributions - 30-40 thousand rubles;

The total estimated amount will be 2.1 - 2.6 million rubles.

Monthly expenses table

The costs of the first month are already included in the calculation of one-time business costs, but subsequently it is necessary to calculate how much money will be spent monthly in order to plan the current budget and, if necessary, cut costs, optimize production processes, or increase product prices.

• employee salary – 150 thousand rubles;
• advertising – 20 thousand rubles;
• purchase of disinfectants and medications – 40 thousand rubles;
• livestock renewal – 50 – 200 thousand rubles. (varies depending on the total number of pigs);
• utility bills - 40 thousand rubles;
• purchase of feed - 25 thousand rubles.

The total monthly costs are about 0.5 million rubles.

Purchase of livestock

For a small farming business, fifty heads are enough, but first of all it is necessary to purchase sows, since with the help of them the pig farm business is implemented. Important points to consider when purchasing and keeping pigs:

1. It is necessary to purchase sows from any breeding farm; it is not advisable to purchase them directly or from third-party companies.
2. It is important for sows to create favorable living conditions: maintain good sanitary and epidemiological conditions in the premises, install heating, and install a ventilation system.
3. All pigs should be fed not only wheat, but the diet should be supplemented with mixed feed.

You should prepare for the procurement process in advance. It is also important to choose the breeds that will be bred. There is a trend in the pig farming business to merge several breeds. It is believed that hybrids adapt better to different temperature conditions and multiply longer.

Planned income and business profitability

Using these calculations, you can understand how long it will take for your business to pay off. This section must be in the business plan, especially if you do not plan to spend your own money at the initial stage, but take out a loan from a bank.

Revenue depends on whether you sell meat at retail, small wholesale or live weight. In the first case, you can earn 200-300 rubles per kg of meat and 100-150 rubles per kilogram of lard. You can also sell by-products for an average of 30 rubles/kg.

When selling a whole carcass, the price is set at 200 rubles. per kg without giblets, horns, hooves and heads. This means that on average you can earn 15-20 thousand rubles for one pig, and the cost of one especially is about 8 thousand rubles.

Without specific indicators, it is difficult to calculate possible revenue. However, a good indicator for a small pig farming business is a payback within 2-3 years and a profitability of about 25%.

You can recoup costs faster, but in the first years of business it is recommended to invest the profits in the development of the enterprise.

Urzhumskaya

The Urzhum breed of pigs, bred by crossing the fold-eared Kirov breed with the best specimens of the large white pig, is considered purely Russian. Designed for bacon and meat fattening. The body is long, the head is of medium size, the ears droop, the elongated back resembles an arch. The animal has a well-developed ham, rounded sides, and strong legs.

Boars reach a weight of about three centners, sows are 50 kilograms lighter. A dozen piglets are born at a time!

“Urzhumtsi” are famous for their high-quality and tasty meat with a small content of fat.

Difficulties of farming

When starting such a business, you need to take into account possible risks specific to this area.

Swine fever

The African swine fever virus was first heard in Russia in 2007. The biggest problem is the lack of a vaccine that can cope with the disease. This means that if one animal gets sick, stopping the spread of the epidemic will be difficult, most often impossible. You will have to kill the entire livestock (contaminated meat cannot be sold), disinfect and completely clean the entire area. In this case, all pigs within a radius of 15-20 km from the source of the epidemic must be destroyed.

Epidemiologists believe that the destruction of livestock will solve the problem, while breeders are confident that these are unnecessary losses.

In general, it is not recommended to start a business in regions where outbreaks of swine fever epidemics have previously been recorded.

Taxes

There is an article in the federal law, according to which farmers must have a license to collect, process and transport waste from hazard classes 1 to 4. Fresh manure belongs to the 3rd class, and rotted manure to the 4th, so every farmer engaged in the pig breeding business must have such a document. The exception is for farms that completely use waste for their needs. In this case, they must annually certify the manure as agricultural fertilizer.

In addition, due to the environmental damage that pig farming can cause, owners of such businesses are required to:

• issue a waste passport;
• provide the development of a waste generation and recycling plan for a specific farm;
• negotiate waste processing with a specialized enterprise or organize it yourself;
• pay taxes on production that has a negative impact on the environment.

It is this factor that makes doing business very difficult for small farms, since the cost of waste disposal in some regions is either impossible or too expensive.

What breeds of pigs should you raise?

There are just over 100 breeds of pigs in the world. They all differ in color, size and maximum weight gained. It is customary to divide all representatives of these artiodactyls into 4 groups of production significance:

• meat;
• sebaceous;
• meat and greasy

Meat, or bacon, breeds are represented by several varieties, but for Russian regions the most suitable are:

• Don;
• Kemerovo;
• Urzhumskaya;
• large black.

Such pigs quickly gain weight of more than 250 kg, build up a lot of meat, have good frost resistance and immunity, and are less demanding in their maintenance.

If a novice entrepreneur prefers to raise pigs for lard, then he should choose the following breeds:

• Ukrainian steppe;
• Mirgorodskaya;
• Mangalitsa;
• black large.

Representatives of sebaceous species can be distinguished by characteristic external features:

• large dimensions;
• in a well-fed adult animal, the girth of the sternum is equal to or greater than the length of the body;
• the head is large, the jaw is massive;
• curled ears hanging over the eyes;
• the neck is poorly defined: the head smoothly flows into the body;
• pigs' legs are short but massive;
• the skin is lined with long, thick and soft bristles.

Bacon breeds that are also suitable for business development in Russia:

• white meat;
• meat Duroc;
• Estonian bacon;
• Landrace;
• Pietrain;
• Tamworth.

The universal (meat-producing) breed is the most suitable for home breeding of pigs. The whole point is that from these animals it is possible to obtain and sell sufficient quantities of meat and lard, and lard is formed in fully formed individuals. Its layer is small, the consistency is soft and delicate.

The most popular universal breeds are:

• white large;
• Breitovskaya;
• Siberian northern.

Industrialization of farms

More than half of all pork in Russia is produced by the 20 largest companies, and only 40% of the market remains free for small entrepreneurs and business newcomers. It is quite difficult to compete with monopolists, since they have the ability to mechanize production and invest large sums in development. Because most government subsidies also go to the country's largest farms, this makes competition difficult for those who own small pork businesses.