Business plan for a mini brick production plant

Making money

Money production plant

Money production plant

Concrete production technology

used in construction in accordance with the regulatory document - GOST 25192 is classified according to grades, classes and its characteristics. In this business plan, we will consider only the important and useful information necessary for the production of concrete mix.

Raw materials

To prepare a classic solution, the following raw materials are needed:

1. Cement is a binder that is the basis of a concrete mixture. It is a gray powder that crystallizes and hardens when moistened.
2. Construction sand. According to GOST 8736-93, sand is a bulk material, the grain size of which should not exceed 0.5 mm.
3. Crushed stone is a mineral with grains larger than 5 mm, produced by crushing gravel, rocks or slag.
4. Ballast is a mixture of gravel and sand. A mixture with a ratio of 1:3 (one part river sand to three fine gravel chips) is best suited for concrete production. This composition is sometimes referred to as the "General Mixture".
5. Water. For the production of concrete mixture, only clean water without foreign inclusions is used. There are no clearly established standards for water consumption, since its costs are determined by the moisture content of other raw materials.

Concrete production includes the following stages:

Preparation of raw materials

Typically, operations for the preparation of raw materials - removal of contaminants, crushing of aggregates - are carried out at enterprises that supply them for sale. At a concrete production plant, only special activities are carried out (preparing chemical additives, grinding cement, heating aggregates) when the need arises. Since the implementation of these operations entails additional costs for paying for utilities and purchasing special equipment. These operations include: the production of solutions of chemical additives, grinding cement, heating aggregates in the cold season.

Let's take a closer look at each of the events:

• preparation of chemical additives is the process of dissolving additives in clean water and then setting a certain concentration of the solution. To perform this procedure, containers with a pipeline system are used, which are designed to mix solutions of chemical additives using compressed air.
• Cement grinding can be done using wet or dry methods. Thanks to this operation, it is possible to speed up the hardening process of the final material - concrete. However, activation (grinding) of cement is not always carried out, since this requires additional energy costs and the presence of special equipment.
• Heating of aggregates is carried out in special bunkers or covered warehouses.

The heating stage of aggregates can be carried out using one of two methods:

1. Passing hot air, steam or gas through the filler. This method is more economical, but to implement it it is necessary to take measures aimed at reducing steam losses;
2. Contact heating method using combs and steam pipes, which are placed in bunkers.

Dosing the mixture

Dosing – measuring the consumption of raw materials for mixing a concrete mixture.

Typically, factories use weighing dispensers, thanks to which it is possible to measure the consumption of cement and water with a minimum error. If concrete production is carried out in the field, then volumetric dispensers are used for measuring. During this operation, the moisture content of the constituent components, especially sand, must be taken into account.

Mixing

The cement and aggregates are thoroughly mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained. Depending on the characteristics and type of concrete mixture, various mixing methods are used. If the concrete mixture includes coarse-grained mobile mixtures with aggregate made of hard and dense rocks, then it is advisable to use gravity concrete mixing plants.

In such equipment, mixing is carried out as a result of repeated dropping and lifting of materials from a given height during rotation of the mixing drum.

Mixing of lightweight concrete and fine-grained mixtures is carried out in forced-action concrete mixing equipment. In this equipment, a homogeneous mass is obtained by mixing materials using blades and other devices. Sometimes enterprises perform vibration mixing. This method ensures the activation of cement, which has a positive effect on the strength of concrete.

The quality of this process directly depends on the duration. Insufficient duration of this operation can lead to deterioration of the properties of the concrete mixture.

Banknote production

The production of banknotes begins with the production of special paper. What

What makes this money paper so special? The fact is that plain paper

made of wood. And to make money they use paper from

cotton and linen.

The eight-stage process begins with 3 tons of cotton being loaded into

giant boiler and pressure cook for 2 hours.

How much does it cost to build your own factory?

The cost of a modern plant is approaching $5 billion and above. This amount is obtained because the cost of licenses and some other fixed costs does not depend much on production volumes - and it is profitable to have large production facilities so that the costs are “spread out” over a larger volume of production. And each modern scanner (which actually draws these 22–32 nm parts) costs $60–100 million (at a large factory there may be a couple of dozen of them). In principle, 5 billion is not such a lot of money on a national scale. But naturally, no one will spend 5 billion without a clear plan for return on investment. And the situation there is this - despite all the complexity of the industry, only monopolists work with visible profits (TSMC, Intel, Samsung and a few others), the rest barely make ends meet.

It just didn’t fit in my head - how could it be possible to invest billions and barely get them back? It turned out that everything is simple - microelectronics is a severely subsidized industry all over the world - factories constantly beg for tax exemptions, preferential loans and dumping (in China they went even further - SMIC builds factories at public expense, and then “manages” them - they call it Reverse Build-Operate-Transfer). After the appearance of each new technology (45nm, 32nm...), the first monopolistic factories that possess it cut off the main profit, and those who come 2-5-10 years later than the start are forced to work almost at cost. As a result, it is extremely difficult to make money here (without a monopoly and without subsidies).

It seems that Russia has understood this too - and projects of large microelectronic factories have been postponed for now, and small production facilities are being built - so that even if they lose money, it is not enough to lose it. And even 3000 wafers per month produced at Micron completely cover the volume of consumption of Metro tickets and the defense industry (a metro ticket crystal has dimensions of 0.6×0.6mm, on one 200mm wafer you get 87,000 metro tickets – but about the sad story with tickets I will tell you about the metro in one of the following articles).

Contrary to popular belief, there are no special restrictions on the sale of microelectronics equipment to Russia - a presidential moratorium is annually imposed on the Jackson-Vanik amendment in the United States, and you only need to obtain a regular export permit. The equipment manufacturers themselves are vitally interested in making more money, and they themselves push for the issuance of permits. But naturally, no one does anything without money. So for your money - any whim.

But you also need to remember that your own plant does not guarantee complete independence of production, and is not cheaper than production abroad: the main cost is technology/licenses and the cost of purchased equipment - and if you don’t have your own technologies and equipment, and import everything, then it will be cheaper can not. Many consumables will also have to be imported in any case. A separate sore point is the production of masks; only very large factories can have “their own” production of masks.

Making paper for money

Then, the resulting mass is poured into a tank, where it is cleaned and clarified. Next, it is pressed and filled into special devices called “softeners.” This process is what makes money paper so uniquely crispy.

While the paper pulp is still wet, specialists change its shade, add paint and watermarks. Watermarks are created by pulling fibers out of paper in a specific order. Then it’s time for the protective threads. After this, the paper is ready to dry. Hot presses remove all the moisture from it, then the paper is rolled into huge rolls, weighing more than 4 tons. Since the paper already has watermarks and security threads, each roll is used to make banknotes of a certain denomination.

Tsoi recalled that the Kazakh vaccine has entered the clinical trial stage. Volunteers are now being vaccinated.

“We expect that we will receive the first results from the first and second phases of testing closer to November - December. Then we will understand how effective and safe it (the vaccine) is,” added the head of the department.

According to the head of the Ministry of Health, the cost of production of the Kazakh vaccine will be small - $ 2-3 per dose.

Tsoi himself has not yet received the Kazakh vaccine. He is waiting for reliable evidence of its safety and effectiveness. However, as previously reported, Tsoi’s government colleague, Minister of Education and Science Askhat Aimagambetov , has already received the Kazakh vaccine and is feeling well. It is Aimagambetov, as the head of science, who oversees the vaccine creation project.

However, Kazakhstan does not rely heavily on its own strength in this important issue. Representatives of the Kazakh government were among the first to express interest in the Russian vaccine and, back in August, reached a preliminary agreement to supply Sputnik V to Kazakhstan upon completion of its trials. Other vaccines being developed in the world are also of interest to Kazakhstan.

Coronavirus Covid-19 - a chronicle of the pandemic

• 09.10 Putin spoke out for the first time on Karabakh: events of the night of October 9
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• 09.10 In Bulgaria, the number of people infected with Covid-19 has been growing for three days in a row
• 09.10 The number of Covid-19 cases is growing sharply in Canada
• 09.10 About 340 thousand people fell ill with Covid-19 per day in the world

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Permanent news address: eadaily.com/ru/news/2020/10/02/v-kazahstane-stroitsya-zavod-po-proizvodstvu-vakcin Published October 2, 2020 at 14:37

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• 07:39 In Uzbekistan, a man beat his wife and forced her to eat feces
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• 07:01 The state of emergency in the Ryazan region is lifted from 08:00 - Ministry of Defense
• 06:40 Putin spoke out for the first time on Karabakh: events of the night of October 9
• 06:09 Secretary General of the Palestine Liberation Organization infected with Covid-19
• 05:43 US Democratic Party intends to check Trump's mental health
• 05:02 Director of Trust Bank detained on suspicion of fraud
• 04:36 In Bulgaria, the number of people infected with Covid-19 has been growing for three days in a row
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• 04:18 The number of Covid-19 cases is growing sharply in Canada
• 03:31 About 340 thousand people fell ill with Covid-19 per day in the world
• 03:01 CSTO Secretary General: Azerbaijan will not attack the territory of Armenia
• 02:50 6.6 million voters voted early in the US presidential election
• 02:43 The United States announced Russia's plans to prevent them from receiving a vaccine against Covid-19
• 01:55 The Pentagon allocated $600 million for 5G research
• 01:25 The European Union will appoint those responsible for the situation with Navalny
• 01:14 Pashinyan: Russia will fulfill its obligations to Armenia
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08.10.2020

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• 23:18 KGB of South Ossetia warns: There is a dangerous growth of extremism in Georgia
• 22:48 Russia will help Abkhazia with energy supplies when the Ingur hydroelectric station is stopped
• 22:29 Azerbaijani citizens in Dagestan will be transferred to heated premises
• 20:48 Armenia called Azerbaijan’s strikes on a church in Karabakh Shushi criminal
• 19:57 US State Department: Zircon should also be included in the nuclear weapons treaty
• 19:52 “I understand that there is a war there, and they are not selling cotton candy.” Report from Yerevan
• 19:43 The second wounded Russian journalist in Shushi is a military correspondent of “Officers of Russia”
• 19:41 The management of Naftogaz of Ukraine is accused of treason
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• 18:59 Trump: We will withdraw all our troops from Afghanistan by Christmas
• 18:49 A military plane crashed into a bus in Georgia
• 18:38 General of the SBU and DPR-LPR were added to the murder of Amina Okueva
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Paper for money

It's time for engraving. Engraving is done on a regular steel plate. This ancient art requires talent, patience and experience. One engraving can take several hundred hours. The result is an engraving consisting of a complex interweaving of fine lines and tiny dots that is almost impossible to accurately fake.

intaglio printing

At this stage of money making, optical scanners are used. Scanners create an image of each banknote from both sides and look for the smallest flaws. The money verification process is surprisingly fast and accurate—it only takes a second to check each sheet. Defective bills are so rare that they instantly become prey for collectors who are willing to pay a thousand times their face value for them. After inspection, the sheets are assigned serial numbers and Federal Reserve designations.

money production

In the workshop, where the money arrives at the last stage of its production, the sheets are finally cut. Then, the bills are counted and packaged. The process of making money is completed - now they are ready for use.