How to divide an apartment into studios and increase income by 75%

Long-term rent is a clear way to receive passive income, in which the main thing is to find honest and decent tenants.

Short-term rentals are often more profitable than long-term rentals. But many people don’t want to get involved with it - often because of the stereotype that this way the apartment will wear out faster and there are many other risks. Although in reality everything is not so scary, and daily rentals can eventually become a full-fledged business.

We find out when short-term rental is more profitable than long-term rental, what business models are available in the daily rental market, how to get everything legally correct, and what pitfalls you should be careful of.

Which is better, short-term or long-term rental

Both options can bring both stable income and many problems; let’s compare the aspects of each option:

Earnings.

Short-term rentals look more promising. The average cost of renting a one-room apartment in Moscow in August 2020, according to Cian.ru, is about 37 thousand rubles per month. For this money you can find housing inside the Moscow Ring Road, a ten-minute walk from the metro, with a minimum set of equipment and furniture.

Similar housing can be rented out for 2.5 thousand rubles per day. A month at full capacity comes out to 75 thousand, that is, twice as much. If you rent at least 20 days a month - 50 thousand. It's still more profitable.

Stability.

At this point, long-term rent definitely wins - as a rule, apartments are rented for at least a year. Apart from exceptional cases, residents themselves are interested in finding an apartment for a long time - this is beneficial for them, because they do not need to spend extra money on moving and searching.

In daily rentals it is more difficult - apartments are rented for an average of 3-5 days. Stability in this type of business means a constant flow of customers.

To achieve such a flow, you can set the price tag slightly lower than the apartments around you, then tenants will book your housing first. It’s good if your housing is located near large business centers or in tourist areas - there will be more demand. As a rule, clean and comfortable apartments with good transport accessibility are always booked months in advance.

Type of income.

Long-term rent, if you are lucky with tenants, can be called passive income - it is enough to periodically check the condition of the apartment. Or agree that the tenant sends a video recording of the property from time to time, then there is no need for personal presence.

Short-term rentals can also be made into passive income, but then there must be a lot of apartments in circulation.
For example, if there is only one object, it is not profitable to hire a maid - you will have to pay the minimum price, although the work will only take half an hour. In Moscow it is 500-1000 rubles. If there are 5-6 apartments, and they are in one building, then the conditional 1500-2500 rubles per day is enough - for this money all guests will be accommodated, check-out will be controlled and cleaning will be done during sanitary hours. Monitoring the condition of the apartment.
It seems that it is safer to rent out apartments for a long term - it is enough to find normal people who are not prone to destruction. But there is another opinion: with a short-term rental, you leave your home unattended for 2-3 days, maximum for 1-2 weeks. It turns out that the room is constantly under control.

Having rented out an apartment for a year, landlords first monitor it every month, and then begin to trust the tenants. And first they reduce the frequency of visits, and then they completely stop visiting their home.

The risk of finding your apartment destroyed after the tenants have fled is growing. Moreover, the damage can be much greater than the amount covered by the security deposit.

If you decide to rent out your apartment daily or long-term, study the location of the property. It’s worth trying to post an ad for short-term rentals and check whether there are a lot of calls and who is applying. If there is a lot of interest in the apartment, and potential clients are looking not for a place to celebrate, but for a comfortable bed on a business trip or a love nest, it’s probably worth a try.

Legalization of activities

The peculiarity of the daily apartment rental business is that it is difficult to control by the state. Therefore, a considerable part of businessmen work without registering business activities and do not pay taxes. In some cases, this is justified, especially when we are talking about 1–3 rented apartments and the income from the activity is not so large that it makes sense to legalize the business.

We recommend studying: “.

With the growth of the organization’s turnover, when the organizer no longer has one or two apartments, but at least 5–6, it is better to register an individual entrepreneur or LLC. Once a business is registered, it will be easier to find new apartments (homeowners trust organizations more than ordinary individuals). Work will become calmer, since no one has canceled fines for illegal business activities. There will always be envious people, including the chairmen of homeowners' associations, who can report this to the police or prosecutor's office. And in this case you will always have documents. Everything will be within the law..

Such a business is most often registered as an ordinary individual entrepreneurship. To register a business at the tax office, you need to present an application, a photocopy of your passport and Taxpayer Identification Number, and a receipt for payment of the state duty. In the application for registration, you must indicate the OKVED codes: 55.23.5 “Activities of other places for temporary residence” and 70.20.1 “Leasing your own residential real estate” (several codes can be specified). Within 5 working days after submitting the documents, you can receive a certificate of registration of individual entrepreneurs. And you are the legal representative of the business.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the choice of taxation system. All three well-known special regimes are suitable for such activities: patent (patent taxation system), UTII (imputation) and simplified tax system (simplified). The most profitable option is a patent. You pay a fixed fee (about 10 thousand rubles) and work quietly for a whole year. You do not need to provide reports, keep accounts, etc. But the patent system is not accepted in all regions, which means you will have to choose between UTII (can be used up to 500 sq. m.) or simplified tax system. These special modes are also beneficial (although they are somewhat more expensive), but you will have to keep accounts and submit reports on schedule.

It is also worth considering the fact that, having registered a business, you will have to pay income tax for apartment owners, which is 13% of the rental price. In order not to offend yourself, this issue should be discussed with the homeowners at the stage of concluding a sublease agreement. This same 13% should rightfully be deducted from the cost of renting an apartment.

How to do a short-term rental business

There are currently three common earning options on the market. Not all of them require your own investments; you can start earning money with a capital of literally several tens of thousands of rubles.

Rent out your apartments

If you build a business model on investing your money in apartments, the scheme may not seem very profitable. For example, CIAN analysts found that on average an apartment in Moscow brings 5.5% per annum with a payback period of 18 years. This is more than on deposits, but less than investments in shares and other economic instruments can offer.

On the other hand, when calculating profitability, it is necessary to take into account not only the period during which the money will be repaid, but also the cost of the asset. So, judging by data from analysts at IRN, over 20 years, apartments in Moscow have risen in price by 6-7 times - if in the 2000s a square meter cost 25-30 thousand rubles, now it costs about 180 thousand.

Real estate should be considered as a long-term investment. Even sharp drops are eventually compensated by stable price increases

There are also disadvantages to using your own money to build a short-term rental business. You need to have a fairly large amount at once. This money will have to be “frozen” in the apartment. It will not be possible to get them back quickly - even if you sell your home below market value, finding a buyer, collecting documents and the transaction will still take at least a few days.

Pay off your mortgage with rent

Business model using credit funds. The loan is repaid through rent. This model of earning money is more dangerous, but potentially brings more income, because in addition to rental income, in the end the apartment is completely yours.

You can start with less money. For example, a one-room apartment in the Lyuberetsky residential complex costs about 5.06 million rubles. You can find other complexes; well-known developers have many similar offers. The main thing is to look near the metro, at least 15-20 minutes walk from the station. We budget about 400 thousand for repairs, or take a little more for 200-300 thousand, but with finishing from the developer. Total investment - 5.5 million.

Such an apartment can be offered for 2-2.5 thousand rubles per day. Let's assume that the occupancy rate is 50% - this is approximately 37.5 thousand rubles per month of income. Minus the costs of utilities and related little things - 30 thousand rubles remain net.

You can take out a mortgage from Sberbank under the “State Support” program without using discounts from the developer and other bonuses that reduce the rate. You need an initial payment of 1.5 million rubles, then the rate will be 6.4% for 20 years, and the monthly payment will be 29,588 rubles.

The mortgage can be repaid ahead of schedule - for example, if you rent out an apartment not 14, but 25 days a month, you will be able to repay a loan of 30 thousand, pay off housing maintenance costs of 7.5 thousand a month and pay another 25 ahead of schedule. In total, the loan is repaid on average in 5-10 years.

Calculation of a mortgage for renting out an apartment on credit using the Sberbank calculator

In this business model, it is important to consider several factors at once.

Does the bank allow the apartment to be used for rent?

The fact is that the mortgaged apartment is pledged to the bank. Therefore, credit institutions can prescribe conditions for the use of this housing - for example, a ban on renting.

Study the loan agreement and look for clauses in it about this - perhaps the lending institution will ask you to repay the mortgage early if it finds out about the “business”.

However, if you rent out an apartment on a daily basis, the bank will only be able to find out about this through a complaint from your neighbors.

Keep a reserve of money in case of downtime.

The rental market is quite stable, despite seasonal surges. An experienced rentier can tell in advance which weeks there will be no tenants, and which weeks the advertisements will have to be removed from publication in advance. Therefore, you will have to insure against sudden crises, for example, like the pandemic in 2020.

Set aside a few mortgage payments in an emergency fund so you can pay off the loan until tenants move in again. Then you won’t have to negotiate holidays with the bank and pay late fees.

Calculate the risks.

You should not take out a loan in which the monthly payment will be equal to the maximum occupancy of the apartment - conditionally, if the housing is rented for 3 thousand, then taking on an obligation for 90 thousand per month is dangerous. It is better to keep the debt at 30-50% of occupancy - 30-40 thousand rubles.

In this business model, the main goal is not to make a profit. It is a way to create capital through borrowed funds. For example, if you have 1.5 million, then, if you’re lucky, in 5-6 years you can turn it into an apartment worth 6-7 million rubles. Then sell this property and buy a new one, but not one, but several properties. And again multiply the fortune by 2-3 times in 5-6 years.

Rent out someone else's apartment

To start, you need 50-100 thousand rubles. You need to find apartments, negotiate long-term rentals with the owners, and then rent them out on a daily basis.

It is better to use this scheme in good faith - that is, stipulate in the agreement with the owners the right to sublease and warn about such intentions. Otherwise, in accordance with Art. 615 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, apartment owners have the right to terminate the contract and demand compensation for losses.

• The advantage of this model is that compared to previous ones, you need less money to start. You can rent and rent out several apartments at once, making money on turnover and investing profits in other business models.
• Cons: the model requires high communication skills. It is difficult to convince owners who decide to rent out housing for a long period of time to sublet. Even if it works out, the profitability of the whole story is small - first you need to find clients to pay off the rent, and only then try to earn a profit for yourself.

Another model is to take ownership of the property. We need to look for owners who want to rent out their apartments or apartments for daily rent, but do not want to spend time on it. You take care of the entire process, from advertising and making announcements to welcoming guests and cleaning. That is, you turn into a manager or real estate agent, working not under an employment contract, but for a percentage of the profit.

Underwater rocks

Daily rental of apartments as a business has its advantages and disadvantages. Before deciding to enter this industry, it is necessary to assess all the risks, emerging competitors and other features.

Daily rental housing increases the risk of theft or damage to property. Few owners will call the police, open a criminal case and waste their time on it. Some citizens can take advantage of this. The best way to avoid such losses is to insure your material assets and even your apartment. These are stable losses that may never pay off. Therefore, very few people insure their homes. But in vain.

All people checking in must take a copy of their passport or take a photo of this document. If you have an individual entrepreneur, it is advisable to enter into an agreement where all the client’s data is entered.

Often neighbors have an unfavorable attitude towards daily rental housing near them. Sometimes this is justified, since renting is not always silent and quiet. It is advisable to establish warm relations with your neighbors before entering the market.

Some react categorically badly to noisy companies and loud music. Consequently, you will have to refuse to rent out housing for celebrations and perhaps even lose part of your income. Otherwise, the police may be called, and you will have to go and resolve the conflict. After this, residents can leave bad reviews and damage their reputation.

Which apartment to choose for rent?

Almost all apartments in the capital are for rent. It is necessary to take into account seasonality - if the property is located in a tourist place, occupancy will be higher in the summer and on holidays. If in business districts, then on the contrary, housing may be idle on holidays.

It is better not to use “illiquid options” - apartments in old buildings, far from the metro, without infrastructure nearby. These are difficult to rent out both daily and for a long period of time.

Keep in mind that the portrait of your potential clients depends on the parameters of the apartment.

Number of rooms.

The easiest places to rent are studios and one-room apartments. As a rule, it is difficult to rent three-room apartments on a daily basis - they are more expensive, and they are rented mainly by families. For example, city guests or those who need to spend the night between flights. Keep in mind that large apartments are also rented for holidays, which increases the risk of property damage.

State.

Apartments with a “grandmother’s” renovation are rented on a daily basis much worse than similar apartments for a long period - there are many offers of housing in good condition on the market.

Area.

Tourists want to live in the city center or near the metro line passing through the center - any housing is rented, except for completely “dead” ones. “Transfers” will settle near the international airport; the main thing is to maintain a clean and well-groomed condition. Apartments near business centers are rented by those who come on business trips. If the center is high-class, for stable demand it will be necessary to make modern renovations. When housing is located next to a large medical center, visitors to day hospitals or relatives will move in - as a rule, there is greater demand for budget options.

Distance from the metro.

For a rental apartment, this is one of the most important parameters. If you need to travel 20-30 minutes by transport to the station, it is difficult to rent out an apartment.

Proximity to a train station or airport.

Hundreds of apartments are available for rent in residential complexes near train stations and airports. Despite so many offers, many of them are booked months in advance.

Age of the house.

As with long-term rentals, the younger and more modern the house, the more solvent people are willing to live there.

Shopping and entertainment nearby.

This point is not paid attention to during short-term rentals - it is enough if it is a modern residential complex and there is any chain store and pharmacy nearby. A plus will be a 24-hour point of sale.

More about marketing

Three effective methods of advertising have already been mentioned above. But the issue of marketing is much broader and more important, so it is necessary to delve deeper into this area. At this stage, it is assumed that the apartment is ready for rent. Now the entrepreneur’s goal is not only to find several tenants, but to ensure maximum occupancy.

Savings on marketing are reflected in the business in the form of reduced income. However, a large advertising budget is not always guaranteed to lead to results. What's the matter? The fact is that there are correct and effective channels where money should be spent on advertising and failures. For example, focusing on the number of advertisements is only worthwhile when posting on free boards.

Let us first point out two incorrect ways of advertising:

1. Writing your contacts on the asphalt. Vandalism does not increase sales! No one in their right mind in the Internet era would call a number on the asphalt and book an apartment.
2. Posting your offer at bus stops and other public places. Again, disfiguring your city with unnecessary posters will not lead to sales. At best, the police will call the number and ask what the ad is doing at a local traffic stop.

If such primitive promotion worked, there would be no need for colorful photographs of apartments and renovations. However, given that people primarily want to see an apartment, and that now almost everything is done on the Internet, you need to declare yourself in the following ways:

• Avito, From hand to hand, Yandex real estate and Cian. These are the largest bulletin boards in the Russian Federation. It is advisable to post on them using paid methods. Small investments will significantly increase coverage and bring in more residents
• If you have five or more apartments, it is advisable to create a one-page website and look for clients in the vastness of Yandex and Google. Continuous traffic of potential clients will fill all premises for months to come

A good response comes from placing advertisements in the VKontakte social group.

What repairs to make and how much does the furnishings cost?

It all depends on the apartment and the target audience - if you are going to attract wealthy European tourists, you will have to stand out from your competitors. For the mass segment, high-quality repairs made from modern materials are suitable.

They furnish the apartment with inexpensive but durable furniture - look for new ones at IKEA, or used ones on Avito. Here is the list:

• Sleeping space - this is what tenants pay attention to first. Look for a double sofa or bed; a used option costs 5-10 thousand. If you take a width of 140 cm and a length of 220 cm, there will be more clients - you will have tall people who find it more difficult to find a comfortable sleeping place.
• Storage space - for economy class, a closet or hallway is enough. A used cabinet costs about 5-10 thousand, but you will have to pay transportation costs. In a store, you can find a hallway for 10 thousand, and a full-fledged closet for 20-30 thousand.
• The minimum set for the kitchen is a small set for storing dishes, a couple of stools, a small table. In inexpensive one-room apartments or studios, the dining table is replaced with a coffee table. If you look for it second hand, everything together costs 5-10 thousand. In the store - from 20-30 thousand.

The minimum required household appliances are a refrigerator, microwave, kettle. The rental price can be increased if the apartment has a full-size stove and washing machine.

You also need to add a hairdryer and iron. And a set of dishes for at least two people, plus a frying pan and a saucepan.

You should immediately purchase several sets of bed linen and stock up on hygiene products. Tenants will be pleased to find in the apartment consumable products that are needed in minimal quantities - for example, sugar, salt, oil for frying.

How to open an apartment renovation company: step-by-step plan

Step 1. An important stage in opening a company is registering the form of doing business. This can be either an individual entrepreneur or an LLC.

Step 2. Selecting a taxation system and opening a bank account if you plan to conduct non-cash transactions.

Step 3. Compiling a list of services, selecting appropriate OKVED codes and obtaining permits. In-demand repair work is plastering, painting, carpentry, electrical installation, plumbing, etc. VIP repairs require the services of a designer.

Step 4. Purchase the necessary tools and equipment. The configuration depends on the range of services offered. The required minimum tools include:

• hammer drills;
• laser levels;
• drills;
• spatulas;
• screwdrivers;
• hammers;
• pliers;
• rollers;
• electric jigsaws;
• Circular Saw;
• grinding apparatus;
• construction hair dryers, etc.

Where to look for tenants

For short-term rentals, creating and automating the search for clients is one of the key tasks.

Booking.com

— a hotel booking service that has a category of apartments. This also includes apartments. The service takes a commission for its services - from 10 to 18%, depending on the type of apartment, the presence of equipment and furniture in it, seasonality and location.

Airbnb.com

— apartment rental service. The principle is the same as Booking - you don’t need to communicate with guests by phone, everything is automated. On Airbnb, you can leave reviews for guests and read reviews from other apartment owners. There are also restrictions - for example, if you want, the apartment will not be shown to guests with negative reviews. Or travelers without passport data uploaded to the service. The site takes a commission from the owner, the amount must be clarified when registering the property.

Avito.ru,
“Daily” and other bulletin boards.
You place an offer and wait for the tenant to call or write. There’s less to spend—it’s enough to post it once and the post will stay up for a month. You have to pay more attention to the booking process - you need to communicate with clients and draw up a check-in schedule. Placement costs about 200-500 rubles per ad.

Social media.

Apartments are offered to groups of travelers. For expensive housing with designer renovations, you can try maintaining your own account, for example, on Instagram.

What will the KvArti franchise give me?

First of all, experience. You don’t have to learn from your mistakes; our specialists already have schemes for resolving many conflict situations and will help with any legal and financial difficulties.

Our company’s employees will help solve a number of the most difficult issues that any landlord faces:

How to attract clients and set up a constant flow? What are the criteria for choosing an apartment for rent and its location in the city? How to negotiate with the owner of the chosen property? Is it possible to cooperate with competitors? What is needed to rent out an apartment? What should be a correct and secure rental agreement? Resolving conflict situations with clients, neighbors and competitors.

There are quite a few pitfalls and important details in this business. We offer assistance from experienced specialists in various fields so that you do not have to waste money and time correcting your own mistakes.

How to legally rent out an apartment short-term

Choose the appropriate organizational and legal status and pay taxes.

Become an individual entrepreneur.

This status has two suitable tax schemes. Choose the simplified one, it’s 6% of revenue. Or patent - a single payment for a specific period for one type of activity. The cost of a patent depends on the region and district; you can find out more on the tax office website. For example, the right to rent out an apartment for a year in the Shcherbinka district in Moscow costs 12,600 rubles.

Individual entrepreneurs also pay mandatory contributions to the pension fund and the compulsory health insurance fund - in 2020 this is 40,874 rubles. Plus an additional contribution to the pension fund of 1% of the amount earned in excess of 300 thousand rubles per year.

Become self-employed.

You can register online through the My Tax application. If you rent to individuals, then pay 4% of the proceeds. If legal - 6%. There are no mandatory fees.

Business advertising

You can advertise rental services using:

• Ads on real estate websites - CIAN, Avito, Airbnb and so on
• Groups in social networks and banner, contextual advertising on Internet channels
• Distributing business cards to clients, taxi drivers, partner organizations
• Leaflets distributed at train stations, bus stops, etc.

Advertising examples:

Example of a real estate advertisement src=»https://AlteraInvest.ru/upload/medialibrary/ed8/ed8f50b53bf4aaaad17586fc2c8b8455.jpg» class=»aligncenter» width=»1024″ height=»589″[/img] Example of an advertisement in a newspaper

How to conclude a short-term rental agreement

De jure, a contract for renting an apartment on a daily basis is no different from a document for a long-term lease.

Such agreements are called “residential rental agreements.” The one who rents out housing is the landlord. The tenant is the employer. The document must indicate:

• Tenant's passport details. Even if several people plan to live, the contract is concluded with one of them - he will be responsible if something happens to the housing.
• How many people will live and the fine for violating this clause helps when one person is renting a house, but it turns out that a large group is spending the night at once.
• Number of days, amount for the entire rental period.
• Condition of the apartment - you can indicate that there is no damage to the apartment.
• Algorithm and departure time. For example, offer residents to leave their keys with the concierge or in a special mailbox.

Illegal rental of an apartment faces heavy fines. You will have to pay:

• Unaccounted taxes are 13% for an individual. Moreover, the debt is considered for the last 3 years of activity. Since it is not possible to establish a specific amount, the decision on the amount will be made by the court.
• 5% of unaccounted income for failure to declare.
• 40% of unaccounted income for tax concealment.
• 500-2000 rubles for the fact of illegal business activity.

Neighbors, the management company, dissatisfied residents, or users of the booking service can complain about illegal business. It's easier to do business legally.

Before we begin

Explore hotel offers. Be interested in the quality of service and cost of living. This service is not new; you should also be aware of the situation with competition from entrepreneurs offering apartments for daily rent, hostels and boarding houses. If your competitors are not fully loaded, this is not a reason to abandon the business idea. Consider an average load of 50-65% normal.

Based on this data, you can calculate the average demand for the service and profitability. When writing a business plan, develop more attractive offers than competitors with similar conditions. Think about how you can improve the level of service.

Pros and cons of daily apartment rental

Investing in real estate is a way to save and earn money. Renting out an apartment is profitable. If you do this for the long term, there will be passive income. You can turn a short-term into a business.

Disadvantages of daily rental:

• This is a business, not passive income. Renting will require attention and effort - on guests, on keeping the premises clean, on advertising and scheduling reservations.
• Guests often check in both day and night - you need to either be constantly in touch or have automated check-in and check-out processes.
• It is necessary to take into account the constant costs of repairs and consumables.
• Hiring assistants becomes economically feasible when there are 4-5 apartments under management.

Pros of short-term rental:

• Profitability is usually higher. If an apartment for long-term rental will bring 40 thousand, then for short-term rental it will bring 60-80 thousand per month.
• The apartment is under control. When renting an apartment for a long time, they check the property once a month or less. If the rental is daily, then the apartment is inspected every 3-5 days.
• Prepayment. Residents won't ask you to wait a week to pay because they don't have the money right now.
• The lease can be transferred to a long-term scheme at any time.
• If you reinvest funds, the business will begin to scale and grow faster with each new facility.

Documents and licenses

By renting out 1-3 apartments, you can register as an individual entrepreneur and work under a simplified taxation system. No special permits or licenses are needed.

When creating an extensive network, you will have to register a legal entity. In this case, you need to hire a qualified lawyer to prepare all the documents; his services will pay off with interest.

Think through the details

The developer has been selected and the contract has been concluded. While waiting for the facility to be ready, you can think through the details of redevelopment and repair details, calculate costs, and perhaps purchase something in advance at construction sales.

An important point is the legalization of such redevelopment. To avoid problems later and not have to pay fines, it is necessary to agree in advance on the possibility of building walls in one place or another, installing an additional bathroom, or an additional exit to the entrance.

Legalize the redevelopment.

Of course, all these approvals will require investments, both monetary and time, but this will eliminate all further problems with management companies and supervisory services.

The main condition is that the apartment must be on the ground floor. Otherwise, it will be difficult to make a second independent exit from the apartment.

Layout

When planning studios, you need to take into account that the small area of ​​​​the apartments should be compensated by the most convenient arrangement of zones and the practical use of every centimeter of space, so that, despite the small area of ​​​​the studio, the apartment is complete.

Only under such conditions will it be competitive in the real estate rental market.

Currently, there is a lot of information on the Internet on how to make the most of space in studio apartments. There are even examples of apartments with an area of ​​12-15 square meters. m. The most difficult thing is to arrange 2 bathrooms and 2 kitchens compactly, while accommodating all the necessary plumbing and household appliances.

Studio apartment design.

If you are not confident in your abilities to perform this difficult task, you can turn to the services of professional designers. In addition to zoning and space planning, they will tell you how you can save on the cost of repairs.

Repair

The next stage is the repair itself. Of course, it is important that the team does it quickly and efficiently, because as we remember, a simple apartment is a loss for the investor.

Advice: when renovating apartments intended for rent, it is recommended to take a reserve amount of wallpaper and paint for the walls, since tenants are different, and they do not always treat other people’s walls with care. In order not to completely re-glue the wallpaper after each occupant, you can have a small supply of wallpaper (or paint) for gluing contaminated areas.

You can also save on the purchase of furniture and household appliances. If you set yourself a goal, you can find furniture and household appliances of good quality, but already used. The price difference can be up to 50%.