Account 90 in accounting: postings, characteristics, correspondence

Each organization is obliged to monthly calculate its income, expenses, as well as the profit or loss received, and reflect this data on its accounting accounts. A total of three accounts are used for these purposes - “Sales”, “Other income and expenses”, “Profits and losses”, that is, 90, 91 and 99, respectively. After closing each of them at the end of the year, the total result is calculated, as a result of which the activity of the enterprise for 12 months is recognized as profitable or unprofitable.

At the moment we are interested in account 90, intended to reflect transactions for the sale of goods, provision of services, and work related to the main activities of the organization. In addition, it is the main account for VAT, excise taxes and export duties included in the price or charged on products sold. It has a number of features that will be discussed in detail in this article.

Account 90 “Sales”: general characteristics

All income recognized as revenue from the company’s ordinary activities is recorded in account 90 “Sales” in accordance with accounting rules. It can be called quite complex due to the need to open several sub-accounts that are regularly used by the accountant to reflect certain transactions. Every month throughout the year, debit and credit turnovers accumulate on each of them.

Let us immediately note a distinctive feature - it is completely closed only at the end of the year when calculating the final financial result. Interim totals for the subaccounts are written off to the “Profit/Loss from Sales” subaccount every month, and with the beginning of a new month, the turnover for the remaining subaccounts accumulates again.

Accounting transactions are reflected both as debit and as credit, depending on what they are for the organization - income or expenses. It is important that the revenue is related specifically to the main activity of the company. In all other cases, the “Other income and expenses” account is used, which reflects any one-time results (for example, the result from the sale of a fixed asset).

What subaccounts are used 90 accounts

The chart of accounts assumes the opening of the following 90 subaccounts on the account:

90/1 “Revenue” - it takes into account the main income of the company, which can be represented either by sales proceeds, rent, interest, if these types of activities are recognized as main ones.
90/2 “Expenses” - expenses incurred, as a result of which the company received income, are reflected. For example, the cost of finished products, works, services.
90/3 “VAT” – information is reflected on accrued (outgoing) VAT, which is included in the cost of goods, works, and services sold according to issued invoices.
90/4 “Excise taxes” – information on accrued excise taxes on products is reflected in accordance with current legislation. These amounts are also included as a surcharge in the price of the goods.
90/5 “Export duties” - used in foreign economic activity to reflect the duties included in the price.
90/6 “General business expenses” - applies when the organization’s accounting policy determines the method of writing off these expenses directly to cost, without first distributing them by type of activity. Here, management costs for services provided, work performed, and products sold are recorded.
90/7 “Commercial expenses” - used to summarize information on sales expenses for goods sold, works of services. This subaccount is used in trade organizations.
90/9 “Profit (loss) from the main activity” – is intended to reflect information on the formation of interim financial results for the type of activity being carried out. The turnover of account 90 is compared monthly or quarterly in order to determine interim financial results.

In accordance with the specifics of the activity being carried out, other sub-accounts may be opened for this account. This point is recorded in the accounting policy of the organization.

Structure 90: subaccounts and their purpose

Accounting on account 90 is carried out in the context of subaccounts, of which several can be opened. The main ones include the following:

“Revenue” (90-1) - reflects income from the sale of products, goods, (90-2) - is intended to account for the cost of products sold.
“Value added tax” (90-3) - this reflects the amount of VAT that is charged on sales.
“Excise taxes” (90-4) - necessary for accounting for excise taxes assigned to the cost of products sold and goods.
“Export duties” (90-5) - duties associated with the transferred goods are taken into account.
“Sales profit or loss” (90-9) is the final result of the organization’s activities at the end of each month.

Income from the sale of products, goods and services is reflected in credit 90, and the cost and costs associated with their acquisition are reflected in debit. In the first case, subaccount 90-1 is used, in the second - subaccounts 90-2, -3, -4 and -5.

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Account 90 “Sales”

Account 90 “Sales” is intended to summarize information on income and expenses associated with the organization’s normal activities, as well as to determine the financial result for them. This account reflects, in particular, revenue and costs for:

finished products and semi-finished products of own production;
industrial works and services;
non-industrial works and services;
purchased products (purchased for completion);
construction, installation, design and survey, geological exploration, research, etc. work;
goods;
services for the transportation of goods and passengers;
transport-forwarding and loading-unloading operations;
providing for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of its assets under a lease agreement (when this is the subject of the organization’s activities);
provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property (when this is the subject of the organization’s activities);
participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (when this is the subject of the organization’s activities), etc.

When recognized in accounting, the amount of revenue from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, provision of services, etc. is reflected in the credit of account 90 “Sales” and the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers.” At the same time, the cost of goods sold, products, works, services, etc. is written off from the credit of accounts 43 “Finished products”, 41 “Goods”, 44 “Sales expenses”, 20 “Main production”, etc. to the debit of account 90 “Sales” .

In organizations engaged in the production of agricultural products, the credit of account 90 “Sales” reflects the proceeds from the sale of products (in correspondence with account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”), and the debit shows its planned cost (during the year when the actual cost not identified) and the difference between the planned and actual cost of products sold (at the end of the year). The planned cost of products sold, as well as the amount of differences, are debited to account 90 “Sales” (or reversed) in correspondence with the accounts in which these products were recorded.

In organizations engaged in retail trade and keeping records of goods at sales prices, the credit of account 90 “Sales” reflects the selling value of goods sold (in correspondence with the cash and settlement accounts), and the debit reflects their accounting value (in correspondence with the account 41 “Goods”) with the simultaneous reversal of the amounts of discounts (markups) related to the goods sold (in correspondence with account 42 “Trade margin”).

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 90 “Sales”:

90-1 “Revenue”;

90-2 “Cost of sales”;

90-3 “Value added tax”;

90-4 “Excise duties”;

90-9 “Profit/loss from sales”.

Subaccount 90-1 “Revenue” takes into account receipts of assets recognized as revenue.

Subaccount 90-2 “Cost of sales” takes into account the cost of sales, for which revenue is recognized in subaccount 90-1 “Revenue”.

Subaccount 90-3 “Value added tax” takes into account the amount of value added tax due from the buyer (customer).

Subaccount 90-4 “Excise taxes” takes into account the amounts of excise taxes included in the price of products (goods) sold.

Organizations that pay export duties can open a subaccount 90-5 “Export duties” to account 90 “Sales” to record the amounts of export duties.

Subaccount 90-9 “Profit/loss from sales” is intended to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month.

Entries in subaccounts 90-1 “Revenue”, 90-2 “Cost of sales”, 90-3 “Value added tax”, 90-4 “Excise taxes” are made cumulatively during the reporting year.

Subaccounts in action: accounting entries for sales

Let's look at examples of using each of them for accounting purposes. The first is the “Revenue” subaccount. When the goods/products are shipped to the buyer, posting Dt 62 “Settlements with customers and buyers” - Kt 90-1 is recorded.

In this case, sales expenses will certainly arise (including those associated with the production of products - cost, or with the acquisition of goods to be sold), which are recorded in the subaccount “Cost of sales”.

To write off expenses for the purchase of goods, posting Dt 90-2 - Kt 41 “Goods” is used, and to reflect expenses associated with the sale - Dt 90-2 - Kt 44 “Sales expenses”.

The cost of manufactured products is written off from account 43 “Finished products”, this is reflected by the posting “Dt 90-2 - Kt 43”.

If our organization is obliged to charge value added tax on goods and services sold, then it is reflected in debit 90-3 and recorded for accounting purposes as follows: “Dt 90-3 - Kt 68 (VAT).”

Thus, the amount of VAT that is accrued and intended to be received from the customer or buyer is determined. Costs associated with the payment of excise taxes and export duties are reflected in a similar manner.

Accounting entries

Let's look at what transactions the sales account 90 takes part in.

Sale of products, works, services:

Debit	Credit	Description
62/1	90/1	The goods have been shipped to the buyer
76	90/1	Sales to other debtors reflected
90/2	41, 43	The cost of goods sold was written off
90/3	68	VAT on sales has been calculated
50, 51	62/1	Money for the goods is transferred by the buyer

How to close account 90 at the end of the year:

Debit	Credit	Description
90/1	90/9	Write-off of revenue from core activities
90/9	90/2	Write-off of costs for core activities
90/9	90/3	Write-off of accrued VAT amounts
90/9	90/4	Write-off of accrued excise taxes
90/9	99	The profit received was written off when closing the account 90
99	90/9	The resulting loss was written off when closing the account 90

Formation of sales results at the end of the month

Turnovers for all subaccounts are calculated at the end of each calendar month, then the financial result is displayed. It can be both negative and positive. This is defined as follows:

The balance is calculated for each subaccount - for credit 90-1, for debit 90-2, -3, -4 and -5 (if any).
Next, the total turnover on the debit of account 90 is added up, from which the turnover on the loan is subtracted. You can talk about profit or loss depending on what sign the value turns out to be (plus or minus). In the first case, if expenses exceed income, there will be a loss, in the second - profit.
Then the financial result is reflected using subaccount 90-9 and, according to accounting rules, written off to account 99. If a profit is made, then the entry “Dt 90-9 - Kt 99 (Profit and Loss)” is used, if a loss, then the reverse entry is “ Dt 99 - Kt 90-9." This will be the closing entry of the month.

Next month, we transfer the corresponding balance to each section of the newly opened “Sales” account. Accounting for transactions continues - and so on monthly until the end of the year.

Example of accounting for account 90

Let’s say in March 2014 we sold creativity kits, delivering two batches. The cost of the first was 50 thousand rubles, and the revenue was 80 thousand. VAT was charged on this amount in the amount of 12,203.40 rubles. The cost of manufacturing the second batch is 70 thousand rubles, and the proceeds from this operation are 120 thousand. The tax was assessed in the amount of 18,305.08 rubles. What correspondence should be compiled for these transactions for accounting purposes? The following accounting entries will be used:

Dt 90-2 - Kt 43 - 50,000 rubles - the cost of the first batch of products sent for sale was written off;
Dt 62 - Kt 90-1 - 80,000 rubles - revenue from the first batch of goods sold is reflected;
Dt 90-3 - Kt 68 - 12,203.40 rubles - VAT on sales was charged on the first batch of goods.

Using similar entries we reflect 70,000 rubles - the cost of the second batch of sets; 120,000 rubles - proceeds from the second batch; 18,305.08 rubles - VAT accrued on the second batch.

By posting “Dt 90-9 - Kt 99” (49,500 rubles) we show the profit from the shipment made for March.

Let us explain the above entries. During March, all sales were recorded, and VAT was charged on each batch sold. Then, at the end of the month, the balance of account 90 was calculated (in terms of subaccounts, debit and credit) and a financial result was obtained, which was written off to account 99: (50,000 + 70,000) + (12,203.40 + 18,305.08) - (80,000 + 120,000) = - 49,491.52 rubles. A negative value indicates that there was a profit in March.

Correspondence with other accounts

The correspondence of account 90 in the accounting department is quite extensive, both in debit and credit. According to Dt he corresponds with:

11 — Animals for growing and fattening;
20 — Main production;
21 — Semi-finished products of own production;
23 - Auxiliary production;
26 — General business expenses;
29 — Service industries and farms;
40 — Output of products (works, services);
41 - Goods;
42 — Trade margin;
43 — Finished products;
44 — Selling expenses;
45 — Goods shipped;
58 — Financial investments;
68 — Calculations for taxes and fees;
79 — Intra-economic calculations;
99 - Profit and loss.

The correspondence of the account in question is extensive due to the commonality of operations in it.
According to Kt, special account 90 and its subaccounts have the following correspondence:

46 — Completed stages of unfinished work;
50 - Cash desk;
51 — Current accounts;
52 — Currency accounts;
57 — Transfers on the way;
62 — Settlements with buyers and customers;
76 - Settlements with various debtors and creditors;
79 — Calculations within the subject;
98 - Deferred income;
99 - Profits and losses.

The main stages of closing accounts when preparing interim or annual financial and economic reporting

Calculation of the annual financial result and complete closure of the account

The end of the year means for the accountant that the accumulating account 90 must be brought to zero. To do this, you need to close each subaccount using debit or credit 90-9. It happens this way:

We reset the credit balance to 90-1. To do this, we use the wiring “Dt 90-1 - Kt 90-9”.
To bring the debit balance for 90-2 to zero, we make the entry “Dt 90-9 Kt 90-2”.
In the same way, we write off the Value Added Tax, which was accrued under debit 90-3. The wiring looks like this: “Dt 90-9 Kt 90-3.”
If there were excise taxes and duties, we calculate the turnover on them and attribute them to the debit of subaccount 90-9.
We calculate the final balance in the “Profit/Loss from Sales” subaccount. As a result of all transactions made, it should be equal to zero.

Account 90 “Sales” is completely closed. From the first month of the new year, it will be reopened to account for operations to generate income from sales within the company's activities.

If, when checking in the balance sheet, you see balances of 90, then you need to check whether the previous periods (month/quarter) were closed correctly. And depending on the software you're running, manually reformat or recalculate closing transactions.

These entries are part of the so-called annual balance sheet reformation, carried out before the preparation of final statements.

Operational-resulting accounts

Operational-resulting accounts are designed to record the income and expenses of an enterprise from various types of activities and determine the financial result from the sale of the enterprise's assets.

The main operational-resulting accounts include the following active-passive accounts:

90 "Sales"; 91 “Other income and expenses.”

Account 90 “Sales” is intended to account for income and expenses from the main activities of the enterprise and determine the financial result from the sale of products, works, and services.

Account 91 “Other income and expenses” is intended for accounting for income and expenses from other types of activities, in particular for determining the financial result from the sale of other assets of the enterprise (fixed assets, intangible assets, materials, securities, currency).

Chart of accounts 90 “Sales” and 91 “Other income and expenses” for accounting sales

Debit	Credit
Have no balance
1. The cost of what was sold (products and other assets) 2.

What is included in other income?

Accounting for other income is regulated by PBU 9/99 “Income of the organization” (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n). The regulation divides the organization's income into income from ordinary activities and other income. Income from ordinary activities means revenue from the sale of goods and services (work), that is, income from the daily activities of a commercial organization. It is important to note that ordinary activities are not limited to the main activities (which are indicated in the application when registering a company and require annual confirmation). The main criterion for classifying an activity as a regular type is that it:

carried out systematically;
is of an entrepreneurial nature (the goal is to generate income);
the income received as a result of the activity meets the criterion of materiality in the total income of the company (5% or more) - this is explained by the Ministry of Finance, in particular, in a letter dated September 24. 2001 No. 04-05-11/71 on the application of PBU 9/99.

Everything that is not classified as income from ordinary activities is included in other income. The regulation provides a list of income that must be included in the “other” category:

income from leasing property, if leasing is not the subject of the organization’s activities;
income as patent payments for the provision of intellectual property rights (license payments), if this is not the subject of the organization’s activities;
income from ownership of shares in the authorized capital of a third-party organization, including interest income on securities, if this is not the subject of the organization’s activities;
income from joint activities (under a simple partnership agreement);
income from the sale of company property;
income in the form of interest accrued by the bank for the use of company funds;
penalties due under the contract;
gratuitous receipts of property;
funds received as compensation for losses caused to the organization;
income from previous periods (discovered in the current year);
debt to creditors with an expired statute of limitations;
positive exchange rate difference;
results of property revaluation.

Free admission

When goods are received free of charge, their value (to be reflected in accounting) is determined based on the market price. The market price is the amount of money that can be received from their sale. Such rules are established in paragraph 9 of PBU 5/01. The market price can be set based on the price level prevailing on the day the asset was received. Information about the level of current market prices must be confirmed by documents or through an examination. This follows from paragraph 10.3 of PBU 9/99.

The actual cost of goods received free of charge, in addition to the market value of the goods, may also include other costs associated with the acquisition (transport, commissions to intermediaries, etc.) (clause 11 of PBU 5/01).

In accounting, reflect the gratuitous receipt of goods by posting:

Debit 41(15) Credit 98-2

– goods received free of charge are taken into account.

This procedure follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts 41, 98).

When selling goods received free of charge, reflect the income:

Debit 98-2 Credit 91-1

– income from the sale of goods received free of charge is recognized (in the amount of goods actually sold).

This procedure is provided for in the Instructions for the chart of accounts.

An example of reflecting in accounting transactions related to the gratuitous receipt of goods and their sale

In March, Alfa CJSC received free goods with a market value of 100,000 rubles. In April, some goods worth 60,000 rubles. was sold wholesale for RUB 74,340. (including VAT – 11,340 rubles). The remaining part of the goods (worth 40,000 rubles) was sold in May for 49,560 rubles. (including VAT - 7560 rubles). “Alpha” accounts for goods on account 41 at actual cost (without using accounts 15 and 16).

Alpha's accountant made the following entries in accounting.

March:

Debit 41 Credit 98-2 – 100,000 rub. – the receipt of goods is reflected at market value.

April:

Debit 90-2 Credit 41 – 60,000 rub. – the cost of goods received free of charge is written off;

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations” – 11,340 rubles. – VAT is charged on goods sold;

Debit 62 Credit 90-1 – 74,340 rub. – sales of goods are reflected;

Debit 98-2 Credit 91-1 – 60,000 rubles. – income is reflected in the form of the value of goods received free of charge at the time of their sale.

May:

Debit 90-2 Credit 41 – 40,000 rub. – the cost of goods received free of charge is written off;

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations” – 7560 rubles. – VAT is charged on goods sold;

Debit 62 Credit 90-1 – 49,560 rub. – sales of goods are reflected;

Debit 98-2 Credit 91-1 – 40,000 rubles. – income is reflected in the form of the value of goods received free of charge at the time of their sale.